Biological psychology examines the relationship between mind and body, neural mechanisms, and the influence of heredity on behavior. Ariely and other behavioral economists (see Daniel Kahneman, below) replace this vastly over-simplified presupposition with a more realistic analysis of human motivation that takes into account many more factors that go into making real-world decisions. Among other things, he has co-founded the Heterodox Academy to further that end. Indeed, early in his career, he was best known for his theory of learned helplessness, which is the idea that people in traumatic situations from which they cannot escape tend to carry over the sense of their own powerlessness into other situations which they could (but do not) impact positively by their behavior. He is currently the Robert Johnston Niven Professor of Humane Letters in the Department of Psychology at Columbia University. Her popular college textbook, Psychology, co-written with Carole Wade and first published in the 1980s, was one of the first introductory texts to present research on gender and culture to a wide student audience. Meltzoff was born in 1950. He has also published work on the importance of ideals and role models-especially, the ideal of heroism in everyday lifefor resisting peer pressure. Moreover, he has used his insights into the way the mind and body work together to develop training programs in other fields of endeavor, such as sports and business. ", Hubel, D.H. & T.N. The IASL also employs the latest in high-tech brain-imaging techniques. biological psychology, also called physiological psychology or behavioral neuroscience, the study of the physiological bases of behaviour. During this time, he pioneered a new type of therapy called neurofeedback, whereby patients monitor their own brain states in real time in response to various positive and negative stimuli, eventually learning to improve control over their emotions. To be happy, Haidt argues, we must re-train our social moral intuitions, and to do that, we need to consciously cultivate the wise traits, including insight into the appropriate occasions for reciprocity, the ability to change ones mind, humility, discrimination about the different kinds of love, turning adversity to advantage, the pursuit of virtue, and a sense of the divine, among others. Criminologists look at the causes, consequences, and control of criminal acts, and by considering both the individual, and wider societal influences, seek to find ways to prevent crime. Miller has also been at the forefront of developing the new field of evolutionary consumer psychology, which basically uses the logic of sexual selection to explain many features of modern consumer society, by linking them with high social status in males as a marker of reproductive success. Gilligan is the author or co-author or some 100 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, and is the author, co-author, or editor of nine academic books, as well as a novel. Key Study: The Minnesota Twin Study of Twins Reared Apart "Even a happy life cannot be without a measure of darkness, and the word happy would lose its meaning if it were not balanced by sadness." -Carl G. Jung.
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